Human Cytomegalovirus Attenuates Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Proinflammatory Signaling by Inhibition of NF- B Activation

Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by sodium salicylate leads to inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced IkappaB alpha phosphorylation and degradation.

Many actions of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) on gene expression are mediated by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Activation of NF-kappaB by TNF and IL-1 is initiated by the phosphorylation of the inhibitory subunit, IkappaB, which targets IkappaB for degradation and leads to the release of active NF-kappaB. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammat...

Human Cytomegalovirus Blocks Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha- and Interleukin-1 -Mediated NF- B Signaling

Metformin inhibits cytokine-induced nuclear factor kappaB activation via AMP-activated protein kinase activation in vascular endothelial cells.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is tightly regulated by the cellular AMP:ATP ratio and plays a central role in regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolic stress. Metformin has been shown to activate AMPK. We hypothesized that metformin may prevent nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in endothelial cells exposed to inflammatory cytokines. Metformin was observed to activate AMPK,...

New Mechanism by Which Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNAs Negate the Proinflammatory Response to Infection

Viruses have evolved many novel mechanisms to promote infection and to mitigate the host cell response to that infection. In the article by M. H. Hancock et al. (mBio 8:e00109-17, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00109-17), the authors describe a new mechanism by which human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs (miRNAs; miR-US5-1 and miR-UL112-3p) negate the proinflammatory response to infection....

Naringin attenuates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and NF-κB activation in vivo and in vitro

Objective(s): Naringin, an essential flavonoid, inhibits inflammatory response and oxidative stress in diabetes. However, whether naringin has beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into male rats (8 weeks old weighting 200-250 g) to establish diabetic model, then naringin (20, 40 or 8...